|
INTRO:
Politically speaking, philanthropically, and philosophically, the "Koch Brothers" are the most important brothers in the USA.
WHY?
Because they are the richest brothers in the USA, and unlike playboy and frivolous types, they are serious philosophers and use their money wisely and generously to "DO GOOD!"
Succinctly, they are the diametric opposite of George Soros: they want to SAVE (even enhance and improve) . . . all that George Soros wants to destroy!
Seriously, it wold take a book to explain why they are so important, why they are so great, why they need our verbal support in the market place, and why they need our goodwill and prayers!
BRIEFEST OVERVIEW:
Charles G. Koch and David H. Koch are the sons of the late Fred C. Koch. Their father founded the second-largest privately held company in the United States, Koch Industries.
After having bought out two other brothers' interests, David and Charles Koch remain in control of the family business and fortune left to them by their father.
David and Charles also control the Koch Family Foundations.
The Koch brothers contribute a large amount of money to conservative, libertarian, and free-market individuals and organizations.[1] They have given more than 200 million dollars to dozens of free-market and advocacy organizations through the 2012 political season.[1]
Tax records indicate that in 2008, the three main Koch family foundations contributed to 34 political and policy organizations, three of which they founded, and several of which they diret.[1][2]
BACKGROUND
The phrase "Koch brothers" generally refers to the sons of Fred C. Koch.[3][4][5][6] The most political sons are Charles G. Koch and David H. Koch who bought out their brothers Frederick and Billin 1983.[7]
David H. Koch was a Libertarian Vice-Presidential candidate in 1980.
David Koch advocated the "Reorganization of Social Security" so that the same amount of investment would produce four times as much money as a private fund in the free market.
David Koch also advocated the abolition of the FBI, the CIA, as government agencies, as they compete, waste, and piddle away all that matters as all government agencies do: WITNES BENGHZAZI!
Likewise the public schools.[8][9] Government schools could NOT be more ineffective no matter how hard they tried, and in every ase, home schooling, private schools, Religious schools and charter schools get far better results with much less money.
David Koch put $500,000 of his own money into the race,[9] and he and Ed Clark, his presidential running mate, won 1.1% of the vote—the best Libertarian showing in a U.S. presidential race to date.[10]
However, the experience caused David Koch to change course:
Since then, Charles and David Koch have adopted a much less visible strategy toward advancing their libertarian positions. Interested in maintaining their privacy, they prefer to spend on donations to non-profit groups who do not disclose donors.[11]
Charles G. Koch funds and supports libertarian and free-market organizations such as the Cato Institute,[12] which he co-founded with Edward H. Crane and Murray Rothbard in 1977,[13] and is a board member at the Mercatus Center, a market-oriented research think tank at George Mason University.
Charles Koch supported his brother David's candidacy for Vice President on the Libertarian Party ticket in 1980.[1] After the bid, Charles told a reporter that conventional politics "tends to be a nasty, corrupting business ... I’m interested in advancing libertarian ideas".[1]
In addition to funding think tanks, Charles and David also support libertarian academics;[14] since 1992, Charles has funded the Charles G. Koch Summer Fellow Program through the Institute for Humane Studies.
The program recruits and mentors young libertarians.[15] Koch also organizes twice yearly meetings[16] of Republican donors.[12]
The brothers have expressed the belief that economic freedom is
essential for the well-being of society.[17] The Obama Administration is living proof they are 100% correct!
David and Charles Koch: Organizations, Family Foundations;
The Koch Family Foundations began in 1953 with the establishment of the Fred C. and Mary R. Koch Foundation. In 1980 Charles G. Koch established the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation with the stated purpose of advancing social progress and well-being through the development, application and dissemination of "the Science of Liberty."
David H. Koch established the David H. Koch Charitable Foundation. Charles' and David's foundations have together provided hundreds of millions of dollars to a variety of organizations, including arts organizations, educational organizations,[2] and libertarian or conservative think tanks.
Charles Koch and his wife are trustees of the Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation, as directed by the late Claude R. Lambe.[18][19] With $6 million remaining as of 2010, the foundation gave away more than $27 million in assets from 1997 to 2009.[20][21]
Political organizations
Citizens for a Sound Economy was co-founded by David Koch in the 1980s.[22] According to the Center for Public Integrity, the Koch Brothers donated a total amount of $7.9 million between 1986 and 1993.[1] In 1990, the brothers created the spinoff group Citizens for the Environment.[1]
In 2004, Citizens for a Sound Economy was renamed FreedomWorks, while its affiliated Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation became Americans for Prosperity (AFP). Since then the Koch brothers have given more than one million dollars to AFP.[1][22][23]
At an AFP rally in 2009, David Koch said
AFP is the political arm of the Americans for Prosperity Foundation, for which David Koch serves as chairman of the Board of Trustees.[22][24]
Americans for Prosperity created Patients United Now, which advocated against a single-payer health care system during the 2009-2010healthcare reform debate.
Both FreedomWorks and Americans for Prosperity have provided support for the Tea Party movement.[25][26]
Charles and David Koch also have been involved in, and have provided funding to, a number of other think tanks and advocacy organizations: They provided the initial funding for:
As of 2011, David Koch sits on the board of directors of the Cato institute,[32] the Reason Foundation and the Aspen Institute.[24]
Cato Institute
Following the 2011 death of William Niskanen, the co-founder and chairman of the Cato Institute, Charles and David Koch reportedly made an effort to procure the shares of that institute held by Niskansen’s widow, "arguing that they were not hers to hold.".[33]
Their efforts were criticized by some at the institute, including the institute's president Ed Crane, who in an email to staff told them the Kochs were "in the process of trying to take over the Cato Institute and, in my opinion, reduce it to a partisan adjunct to Americans for Prosperity, the activist GOP group they control.”
Charles and David denied any wrongdoing.[34] In June 2012, Cato and the brothers reached an agreement. Ed Crane would step down and be replaced by John A. Allison IV, and the Kochs withdrew two lawsuits.[35]
Political activity
Koch Industries describes itself as being committed to free societies and free market principles and as supporting those who champion these things.[36]
U.S. education
The Charles Koch Foundation (and in the case of Kansas schools, the Fred and Mary Koch Foundation) provides grants to nearly 230 U.S. colleges and universities for "projects that explore how the principles of free enterprise and classical liberalism promote a more peaceful and prosperous society".[37]
Politics
As of 2011, Koch Industries' political action committee has donated more than $2.6 million to candidates.[38]
The Koch brothers support primarily Republican candidates, who received over 80% of their political donations from 2005-2009, and in 2010 they supported California Proposition 23 (2010).[39][40][41][42]
Wisconsin
According to Mother Jones Magazine, Koch Industries' Political Action Committee contributed the second largest donation to Scott Walker's 2010 campaign for governor of Wisconsin.[38]
After Walker took office, he and the Republican representatives in the Wisconsin House enacted legislation that placed limitations on collective bargaining by public employees. Widespread protests ensued.
In February 2011, the New York Times reported that Americans for Prosperity had lobbied for Walker's proposed bill.[43] Because of the Koch contribution to Walker's campaign, David Koch became a symbolic target for the protests by all manner of anti-American socialist groups. [44].
According to the Palm Beach Post, David Koch has been very active in Wisconsin politics with Americans for Prosperity, spending $700,000 on ads supporting Governor Scott Walker's changes to collective bargaining.[45]
Mitt Romney
In July 2012, David H. Koch hosted a $50,000-a-person ($75,000 a couple) fundraising dinner for 2012 Republican Party Presidential candidate Mitt Romney, which was the subject of protests.[11][46][47][48][49]
William Koch, the younger brother of Charles and David, gave $1 million to Restore Our Future, a super-PAC backing Romney.[11] During the 2008 presidential race, David Koch donated $2,300 to Romney.[11]
Competitive Enterprise Institute
The Kochs donated more than $17 million between 1997 and 2008 to various groups including the Competitive Enterprise Institute. The group has been accused of opposing unions.[23] It describes itself as offering information on issues including, among others, energy, environment, biotechnology, pharmaceutical regulation, chemical risk, telecommunications, etc.[50]
Lobbying for oil, gas, and chemical industries
Koch employees were the largest donors from the oil and gas industry to members of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, which is responsible for legislation affecting that industry. Koch employees donated $279,500 to 22 Republicans and $32,000 to five Democrats, including $20,000 to committee chairman Fred Upton (R-Michigan).[22]
Americans for Prosperity supported five of the six Republican members who were elected to Congress for the first time in 2010.[22] Of twelve Republicans newly appointed to the Committee, nine signed a pledge distributed by Americans for Prosperity to oppose the regulation of greenhouse gases.[22]
Koch Industries and its subsidiaries spent more than $20 million on lobbying in 2008 and $12.3 million in 2009, according to the Center for Responsive Politics, a nonpartisan research group.[28][51]
In an article about the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature study (Chair Richard A. Muller), Los Angeles Times reporter Margot Roosevelt called the Koch Brothers "the nation's most prominent funders of efforts to prevent (carbon taxes, etc.,) curbs on fossil-fuel burning".[52]
The Claude R. Lambe Foundation, has donated to the American Energy Alliance, an offshoot of the Institute for Energy Research.[53]
Free enterprise seminars
In recent years, Charles and David Koch have organized semiannual seminars to promote their political views. In June 2010, one such event was held in Aspen, Colorado, and titled "Understanding and Addressing Threats to American Free Enterprise and Prosperity".
The invitation stated that "[our] prosperity is under attack by the current Administration and many of our elected officials" and "we cannot rely on politicians to [defend our free society], so it is up to us to
combat what is now the greatest assault on American freedom and prosperity in our lifetimes".[43] The seminar program indicated that "past meetings have featured such notable leaders as
Anthropogenic global warming skepticism
The Koch Foundation (along with the Folger Fund, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Fund for Innovative Climate and Energy Research [created by Bill Gates], the Bowes Foundation, and the Getty Foundation) is a major funder of the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project, an effort to address the criticism of records of the earth's surface temperatures.
At least two of the project's seven scientists are seen as climate change specialists convinced of that many in the climate science world have "sold out" for money and say what the leftist want them to say.[55]
The Charles G. Koch Foundation gave climate specialist Willie Soon two grants totaling $175,000 in 2005/6 and again in 2010. Soon has stated that he has "never been motivated by financial reward in any of my scientific research."[56]
The foundation helped finance a 2007 analysis suggesting that climate change was not a threat to the survival of polar bears,[57] which was questioned by other researchers.[58]
According to the environmentalist group Greenpeace, organizations that the Koch brothers help fund such as Americans for Prosperity, the Heritage Foundation, the Cato institute and the Manhattan Institute have been active in questioning anthropogenic global warming .[59]
Criticism from Jane Mayer
In an article in the August 30, 2010 issue of the New Yorker, Jane Mayer wrote,[1]
The Kochs are longtime libertarians who believe in drastically lower personal and corporate taxes, minimal social services for the needy, and much less oversight of industry—especially environmental regulation. These views dovetail with the brothers’ corporate interests....
The radical communistic pseudo-science Greenpeace issued a report identifying the company as a “kingpin of climate science research.”
The Greenpeace report showed that, from 2005 to 2008, the Kochs vastly outdid Exxon-Mobil in giving money to organizations fighting legislation related to pseudo-science climate change, underwriting a huge network of foundations, think tanks, and political front groups.
Indeed, the brothers have funded opposition campaigns against many Socialist Obama Administration policies—from health-care reform to the economic-stimulus program—that, in political circles, their ideological network is known as America's Saving Grace.
Indeed, in 1012, if you have nothing else to be thankful for on Thanksgiving Day, every American has profited by the Koch Brothers research, philanthropy, policy advocations and willingness to take a stand for truth.
Matt Lewis, a columnist for Politics Daily, also posted a critical response to Mayer's article:
To be sure, the Kochs have given "more than a hundred million dollars to right wing causes" (because they are "right!" - which is also their "right" as Americans,
But in the last decade alone, , it's also worth noting the Kochs have given more than $600 million in pledged or donated money to:
Libertarian Kimberly O. Dennis, also defended the Koch's maintaining they would do better "protecting their profits" promoting government aid to their business not "free-market capitalism".[65]
Impact
One 1997 study by the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy[66] identified 12 American foundations that have had a key influence on US public policy since the 1960s, particularly via their support for the Heritage Foundation, American Enterprise Institute and Cato Institute.[67] Three of these 12 are Koch Family Foundations (the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation, the Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation, and the David H. Koch Charitable Foundation).[67][68] Charles Koch co-founded the Cato Institute, while David Koch sits on its board.[1]
References
1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mayer, Jane (2010-08-30). "Covert Operations: The billionaire brothers who are waging a war against Obama.". The New Yorker (Condé Nast Publications).
2. ^ a b Lewis, Matt (September 2, 2010). "Koch Brothers Donate to Charity as well as 'Right Wing Causes".
3. ^ Davis, Jonathan T. (1997). Forbes Richest People: The Forbes Annual Profile of the World's Wealthiest Men and Women. Wiley. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-471-17751-7. "Founding member (1958) John Birch Society — reportedly after seeing Russian friends liquidated"
4. ^ Hoover's 500: Profiles of America's Largest Business Enterprises. Hoover's Business Press. 1996. pp. 286. ISBN 978-1-57311-009-9. "In 1929 Koch took his process to the Soviet Union, but he grew disenchanted with Stalinism and returned home to become a founding member of the anticommunist John Birch Society."
5. ^ Wayne, Leslie (7 December 1986). "Brothers at Odds.". The New York Times(NY): p. Sec. 6; Part 2, p 100 col. 1.. ISSN 0362-4331. "He returned a fervent anti-Communist who would later become a founding member of the John Birch Society."
6. ^ Diamond, Sara (1995) Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States NY: Guilford Press p. 324 n. 86. ISBN 0-89862-862-8
7. ^ The brothers settled in 2001, in Kroll, Luisa (June 1, 2012). "Billionaire Family Feuds: The High Stakes Of Dysfunction And Dissent". Forbes. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
8. ^ Kerby, Phil (September 13, 1979). "The Libertarians: Freedom to a Fault?".Los Angeles Times: p. D1.
9. ^ a b c Curtis, Charlotte (1984-10-16). "Man Without a Candidate". The New York Times.
10. ^ Doherty, Brian (November 17, 2008). "Where Did the Libertarian Party Go Wrong?". Reason. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
11. ^ a b c d Bykowicz, Julie (July 9, 2012). "Romney’s `Koch Problem:’ $3 Million". Bloomberg News. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
12. ^ a b Kate Zernike (25 October 2010). "Secretive Republican Donors Are Planning Ahead". The New York Times.
13. ^ "25 Years at Cato". Retrieved 2009-07-10.
14. ^ Brian Doherty (2008). Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement. PublicAffairs. p. 410. ISBN 1-58648-572-5. "One longtime Koch lieutenant characterized the overall strategy of Koch's libertarian funding over the years with both a theatrical metaphor and an Austrian capital theory one: Politicians, ultimately, are just actors playing out a script. The idea is, one gets better and quicker results aiming not at the actors but at the scriptwriters, to help supply the themes and words for the scripts—to try to influence the areas where policy ideas percolate from: academia and think tanks. Ideas, then, are the capital goods that go into building policy as a finished product—and there are insufficient libertarian capital goods at the top of the structure of production to build the policies libertarians demand."
15. ^ "Charles G. Koch Summer Fellow Program". Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University. Retrieved 2010-09-10. "The Charles G. Koch Summer Fellow Program combines a paid public policy internship with two career skills seminars and weekly policy lectures. You’ll gain real-world experience, take a crash course in market-based policy analysis, and hone your professional skills. The intensive ten-week program begins in June and includes a $1,500 stipend and a housing allowance."
16. ^ Stephen Moore (May 6, 2006). "The Weekend Interview with Charles Koch: Private Enterprise". The Wall Street Journal: p. A.8.
17. ^ Koch, Charles. "U.S. Economic Prosperity Demands More Freedom". The Kansas City Star. Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on ???. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
18. ^ "About the Koch Brothers". Common Cause. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
19. ^ Bennett, Laurie (April 18, 2012). "A Tip for Kochologists". Forbes. p. 2. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
20. ^ CLAUDE R LAMBE CHARITABLE FOUNDATION Economic Research Institute
21. ^ "Claude R. Lambe Foundation". Greenpeace USA. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
22. ^ a b c d e f g h Hamburger, Tom; Kathleen Hennessey, Neela Banerjee (2011-02-06). "Koch brothers now at heart of GOP power". Los Angeles Times(Tribune Company). Retrieved 2011-02-06.
23. ^ a b c Peter Overby (2011-02-25). "Billionaire Brothers In Spotlight In Wis. Union Battle". National Public Radio.
24. ^ a b "Koch Industries, Inc. - Leadership". Koch Industries. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
25. ^ Vogel, Kenneth P. (August 9, 2010), "Tea party's growing money problem",Politico, retrieved 2011-06-14
26. ^ Fenn, Peter (February 2, 2011), "Tea Party Funding Koch Brothers Emerge From Anonymity", U.S. News & World Report, retrieved 2011-06-13
27. ^ The Tea Party movement: deluded and inspired by billionaires, George Monbiot, The Guardian, 25 Oct. 2010.
28. ^ a b "Lobbying: Koch Industries". Center for Responsive Politics. 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
29. ^ Fitzgerald, Alison. July 21, 2011. Koch, Exxon Mobil Among Corporations Helping Write State Laws Bloomberg.com Retrieved: 1 July 2012.
30. ^ Huffingtonpost Canada, 2012-04-26, retrieved 2012-04-26
31. ^ Vancouver Observer, 2012-04-25, retrieved 2012-04-26
32. ^ Cato Institute, Board of Directors, accessed 1 Feb 2011
33. ^ Lichtblau, Eric (March 6, 2012). "Cato Institute Is Caught in a Rift Over Its Direction". The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
34. ^ Cato Goes to War The Koch brothers have launched an extraordinary campaign to take control of America’s most respected libertarian think tank. Will they destroy it? slate.com By David Weigel| 5 March 2012
35. ^ Lichtblau, Eric (June 25, 2012). "Cato Institute and Koch Brothers Reach Agreement". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
36. ^ "A Consistent, Principled Effort". Koch Industries. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
37. ^ "Doing Good in Many Ways". and "University Programs Supported by the Charles Koch Foundation" (PDF). Koch family foundations and philanthropy. September 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
38. ^ a b "Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker: Funded by the Koch Bros.". Mother Jones. 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
39. ^ http://www.followthemoney.org/press/ReportView.phtml?r=434&ext=4
40. ^ "A Foil for the Koch Brothers?". The New York Times. 2011-03-15. Retrieved 2012-10-05.
41. ^ http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/04/local/la-me-prop-23-koch-20100904
42. ^ http://www.followthemoney.org/press/ReportView.phtml?r=434
43. ^ a b Eric Lipton (2011-02-21). "Billionaire Brothers’ Money Plays Role in Wisconsin Dispute". The New York Times.
44. ^ a b Continetti, Matthew (April 4, 2011). "The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics". The Weekly Standard.
45. ^ David Koch intends to cure cancer in his lifetime and remake American politics February 2012 The Palm Beach Post
46. ^ Reston, Maeve. Protesters raise cloud of sand as Romney raises $3 million in N.Y. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved: 9 July 2012.
47. ^ Gendar, Alison. Mitt Romney hits the Hamptons and adds $3 million to his campaign war chest New York Daily News. Retrieved: 9 July 2012.
48. ^ O'Connor, Claire. 'Mitt Romney Has A Koch Problem' Say Protesters At Billionaire's Hamptons Fundraiser Forbes. Retrieved: 9 July 2012.
49. ^ Rutenberg, Jim. The Republicans’ $3 Million Weekend in the HamptonsThe New York Times. Retrieved: 8 July 2012.
50. ^ Issues
51. ^ Center For Responsive Politics, www.opensecrets.org
52. ^ Margot Roosevelt, 31 March 2011, Los Angeles Times, Berkeley scientists' climate data review puts them at center of national debate
53. ^ Evans, Will (September 22, 2008). "New Group Tied To Oil Industry Runs Ads Promoting Drilling, Attacking Democrat". NPR. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
54. ^ Charles G. Koch (2010-09-24). "Invitation to Seminar, Understanding and Addressing Threats to American Free Enterprise and Prosperity".
55. ^ Berkeley project seeks to resolve climate change debate, California Watch, March 1, 2011.
56. ^ Vidal, John (2011-06-27). "Climate sceptic Willie Soon received $1m from oil companies, papers show". The Guardian.
57. ^ Greenpeace Takes Aim at Koch Industries| By TOM ZELLER JR.| March 30, 2010
58. ^ Response to Dyck et al. (2007) on polar bears and climate change in western Hudson Bay Ian Stirlinga, Andrew E. Derocherb, William A. Goughc, Karyn Roded
59. ^ US oil company donated millions to climate sceptic groups, says Greenpeace John Vidal guardian.co.uk 30 March 2010
60. ^ Friedersdorf, Conor (August 30, 2010). "The Koch Brothers Profiled". The Daily Dish. The Atlantic. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
61. ^ Koch Industries webpage, "Koch Facts" section Accessed 2011-01-31.
62. ^ Holden, Mark V. (September 28, 2010). "Letter to Lynn B. Oberlander". Retrieved 31 January 2011.
63. ^ "Koch Industries Responds to New Yorker Claims". newsmax. newsmax. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
64. ^ Lewis, Matt. "Koch Brothers Donate to Charity as well as 'Right Wing Causes'". Politics Daily. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
65. ^ Dennis, Kimberly O. (November 15, 2010). "Democrats Can’t Blame the Koch Brothers (However Much They Might Want To)". National Review Online. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
66. ^ Sally Covington, Moving A Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations, Washington, DC: National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, 1997.
67. ^ a b Behan, Richard W. (2004), "Degenerate Democracy: The Neoliberal and Corporate Capture of America's Agenda", Public Land & Resources Law Review, Vol. 24, pp. 9-24. p19
68. ^ The others are the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, John M. Olin Foundation, Carthage Foundation (controlled by Richard Mellon Scaife), Earhart Foundation, Philip M. McKenna Foundation, JM Foundation, Henry Salvatori Foundation, Sarah Scaife Foundation, Smith Richardson Foundation. (Behan 2004:19)
External links
Koch brothers collected news and commentary at The Guardian
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |